The mass-fraction of hydrogen and helium in the Sun are called “X” and “Y” respectively. The symbol “Z” is the mass fraction of all other elements heavier than helium (from Li to U). Astronomers lump together all heavier elements because these only make about Z = 0.0148 of the sun whereas hydrogen has X = 0.7389 and helium Y= 0.2463 (Lodders, K. 2020, Solar Elemental Abundances, in The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science, Oxford University Press). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Z El. Molec. GA89 GK89 Ionisation Energies (eV) from Cowley et al. weight [x/Fe]s As09 meteoritic -------------- -------------------------------------- 1 H 1.008 0.911 -0.05 +/- -3.83 +/- 0.04 Hydrogen H 1 13.5984 2 He 4.003 0.089 -1.12 +/- 0.01 -10.76 +/- Helium He 2 24.5874 54.417760 3 Li 6.939 -10.88 -6.51 -10.98 -11.00 +/- 0.10 -8.79 +/- 0.05 Lithium Li 3 5.3917 75.6400 122.45429 4 Be 9.013 -10.89 -6.52 -10.89 -10.67 +/- 0.09 -10.75 +/- 0.03 Beryllium Be 4 9.3227 18.21114 153.89661 5 B 10.81 -9.44 -5.07 -9.35 +/- 0.20 -9.26 +/- 0.04 Boron B 5 8.2980 25.1548 37.93064 6 C 12.01 -3.48 0.89 -3.39 -3.62 +/- 0.05 -4.66 +/- 0.04 Carbon C 6 11.2603 24.3833 47.8878 7 N 14.01 -3.99 0.38 -4.09 -4.22 +/- 0.05 -5.79 +/- 0.06 Nitrogen N 7 14.5341 29.6013 47.44924 8 O 16.00 -3.11 1.26 -3.14 -3.36 +/- 0.05 -3.65 +/- 0.04 Oxygen O 8 13.6181 35.1211 54.9355 9 F 19.00 -7.48 -3.11 -7.49 +/- 0.30 -7.63 +/- 0.06 Fluorine F 9 17.4228 34.9708 62.7084 10 Ne 20.18 -3.95 0.42 -4.12 +/- 0.10 -13.17 +/- Neon Ne 10 21.5646 40.96296 63.45 11 Na 22.99 -5.71 -1.34 -5.72 -5.81 +/- 0.04 -5.78 +/- 0.02 Sodium Na 11 5.1391 47.2864 71.6200 12 Mg 24.31 -4.46 -0.09 -4.44 -4.45 +/- 0.04 -4.52 +/- 0.01 Magnesium Mg 12 7.6462 15.03527 80.1437 13 Al 26.98 -5.57 -1.20 -5.55 -5.60 +/- 0.03 -5.62 +/- 0.01 Aluminum Al 13 5.9858 18.82855 28.44765 14 Si 28.09 -4.49 -0.12 -4.40 -4.54 +/- 0.03 -4.54 +/- 0.01 Silicon Si 14 8.1517 16.34584 33.49302 15 P 30.98 -6.59 -2.22 -6.64 +/- 0.03 -6.62 +/- 0.04 Phosphorus P 15 10.4867 19.7695 30.2027 16 S 32.07 -4.83 -0.46 -4.93 +/- 0.03 -4.90 +/- 0.02 Sulfur S 16 10.3600 23.33788 34.79 17 Cl 35.45 -6.54 -2.17 -6.55 +/- 0.30 -6.82 +/- 0.06 Chlorine Cl 17 12.9676 23.8136 39.61 18 Ar 39.95 -5.48 -1.11 -5.65 +/- 0.13 -12.55 +/- Argon Ar 18 15.7596 27.62965 40.74 19 K 39.10 -6.82 -2.45 -7.02 +/- 0.09 -6.97 +/- 0.02 Potassium K 19 4.3407 31.63 45.806 20 Ca 40.08 -5.68 -1.31 -5.66 -5.71 +/- 0.04 -5.76 +/- 0.02 Calcium Ca 20 6.1132 11.87172 50.9131 21 Sc 44.96 -8.94 -4.57 -8.98 -8.90 +/- 0.04 -9.00 +/- 0.02 Scandium Sc 21 6.5615 12.79977 24.75666 22 Ti 47.90 -7.05 -2.68 -6.98 -7.10 +/- 0.05 -7.14 +/- 0.03 Titanium Ti 22 6.8281 13.5755 27.4917 23 V 50.94 -8.04 -3.67 -8.04 -8.12 +/- 0.08 -8.09 +/- 0.02 Vanadium V 23 6.7462 14.618 29.311 24 Cr 52.00 -6.37 -2.00 -6.04 -6.41 +/- 0.04 -6.41 +/- 0.01 Chromium Cr 24 6.7665 16.4857 30.96 25 Mn 54.94 -6.65 -2.28 -6.64 -6.62 +/- 0.05 -6.57 +/- 0.01 Manganese Mn 25 7.4340 15.6400 33.668 26 Fe 55.85 -4.37 0.00 -4.40 -4.55 +/- 0.04 -4.60 +/- 0.01 Iron Fe 26 7.9024 16.1877 30.652 27 Co 58.94 -7.12 -2.75 -7.12 -7.06 +/- 0.07 -7.18 +/- 0.01 Cobalt CO 27 7.8810 17.084 33.50 28 Ni 58.71 -5.79 -1.42 -5.82 -5.83 +/- 0.04 -5.85 +/- 0.01 Nickel Ni 28 7.6398 18.16884 35.19 29 Cu 63.55 -7.83 -3.46 -7.94 -7.86 +/- 0.04 -7.80 +/- 0.04 Copper Cu 29 7.7264 20.2924 36.841 30 Zn 65.37 -7.44 -3.07 -7.44 -7.49 +/- 0.05 -7.42 +/- 0.04 Zinc Zn 30 9.3942 17.96439 39.723 31 Ga 69.72 -9.16 -4.79 -9.01 +/- 0.09 -8.97 +/- 0.02 Gallium Ga 31 5.9993 20.51514 30.71 32 Ge 72.60 -8.63 -4.26 -8.40 +/- 0.10 -8.47 +/- 0.04 Germanium Ge 32 7.8994 15.93461 34.2241 33 As 74.92 -9.67 -5.30 -9.75 +/- 0.04 -12.05 +/- Arsenic As 33 9.7886 18.5892 28.351 34 Se 78.96 -8.69 -4.32 -8.71 +/- 0.03 -12.05 +/- Selenium Se 34 9.7524 21.19 30.8204 35 Br 79.91 -9.41 -5.04 -9.51 +/- 0.06 -12.05 +/- Bromine Br 35 11.8138 21.591 36. 36 Kr 83.80 -8.81 -4.44 -8.80 +/- 0.06 -14.32 +/- Krypton Kr 36 13.9996 24.35984 36.950 37 Rb 85.48 -9.44 -5.07 -9.44 -9.53 +/- 0.10 -9.69 +/- 0.03 Rubidium Rb 37 4.1771 27.2895 40 38 Sr 87.63 -9.14 -4.77 -9.14 -9.18 +/- 0.07 -9.17 +/- 0.03 Strontium Sr 38 5.6949 11.0301 42.89 39 Y 88.91 -9.80 -5.43 -9.80 -9.84 +/- 0.05 -9.88 +/- 0.04 Yttrium Y 39 6.2171 12.22 20.52 40 Zr 91.22 -9.54 -5.17 -9.48 -9.47 +/- 0.04 -9.52 +/- 0.04 Zirconium Zr 40 6.6339 13.1 22.99 41 Nb 92.91 -10.60 -6.23 -10.62 -10.59 +/- 0.04 -10.64 +/- 0.04 Niobium Nb 41 6.7589 14.0 25.04 42 Mo 95.95 -10.10 -5.73 -10.12 -10.17 +/- 0.08 -10.11 +/- 0.04 Molybdenum Mo 42 7.0924 16.16 27.13 43 Tc 99.00 -20.00 Technetium Tc 43 7.28 15.26 29.54 44 Ru 101.1 -10.20 -5.83 -10.20 -10.30 +/- 0.08 -10.29 +/- 0.03 Ruthenium Ru 44 7.3605 16.76 28.47 45 Rh 102.9 -10.90 -6.53 -10.92 -11.14 +/- 0.10 -10.99 +/- 0.04 Rhodium Rh 45 7.4589 18.08 31.06 46 Pd 106.4 -10.30 -5.93 -10.35 -10.48 +/- 0.10 -10.40 +/- 0.02 Palladium Pd 46 8.3369 19.43 32.93 47 Ag 107.9 -11.10 -6.73 -11.11 +/- 0.10 -10.85 +/- 0.02 Silver Ag 47 7.5762 21.47746 34.83 48 Cd 112.4 -10.10 -5.73 -10.18 -10.34 +/- 0.03 -12.05 +/- Cadmium Cd 48 8.9938 16.90831 37.48 49 In 114.8 -10.50 -6.13 -10.34 -11.25 +/- 0.20 -11.29 +/- 0.03 Indium In 49 5.7864 18.8703 28.03 50 Sn 118.7 -10.00 -5.63 -10.01 +/- 0.10 -9.98 +/- 0.06 Tin Sn 50 7.3439 14.6322 30.50260 51 Sb 121.8 -11.00 -6.63 -11.04 +/- 0.06 -12.05 +/- Antimony Sb 51 8.6084 16.63 25.3 52 Te 127.6 -9.80 -5.43 -9.87 +/- 0.03 -12.05 +/- Tellurium Te 52 9.0096 18.6 27.96 53 I 126.9 -10.50 -6.13 -10.50 +/- 0.08 -12.05 +/- Iodine I 53 10.4513 19.1313 33 54 Xe 131.3 -9.81 -5.44 -9.81 +/- 0.06]-14.00 +/- Xenon Xe 54 12.1298 20.9750 32.1230 55 Cs 132.9 -10.90 -6.53 -10.97 +/- 0.02 -12.05 +/- Cesium Cs 55 3.8939 23.15744 35 56 Ba 137.4 -9.91 -5.54 -9.93 -9.87 +/- 0.09 -9.87 +/- 0.03 Barium Ba 56 5.2117 10.00383 35.84 57 La 138.9 -10.80 -6.43 -10.94 -10.95 +/- 0.04 -10.88 +/- 0.02 Lanthanum La 57 5.5769 11.059 19.1773 58 Ce 140.1 -10.40 -6.03 -10.44 -10.47 +/- 0.04 -10.47 +/- 0.02 Cerium Ce 58 5.5387 10.85 20.198 59 Pr 140.9 -11.30 -6.93 -11.24 -11.33 +/- 0.04 -11.29 +/- 0.03 Praseodymium Pr 59 5.473 10.55 21.624 60 Nd 144.3 -10.50 -6.13 -10.64 -10.63 +/- 0.04 -10.60 +/- 0.02 Neodymium Nd 60 5.5250 10.72 22.1 61 Pm 147.0 -20.00 Promethium Pm 61 5.582 10.90 22.3 62 Sm 150.4 -11.00 -6.63 -11.14 -11.09 +/- 0.04 -11.11 +/- 0.02 Samarium Sm 62 5.6436 11.07 23.4 63 Eu 152.0 -11.50 -7.13 -11.54 -11.53 +/- 0.04 -11.54 +/- 0.02 Europium Eu 63 5.6704 11.25 24.92 64 Gd 157.3 -10.90 -6.53 -10.84 -10.98 +/- 0.04 -11.00 +/- 0.02 Gadolinium Gd 64 6.1501 12.09 20.63 65 Tb 158.9 -11.90 -7.53 -11.75 +/- 0.10 -11.73 +/- 0.03 Terbium Tb 65 5.8638 11.52 21.91 66 Dy 162.5 -10.90 -6.53 -10.94 -10.95 +/- 0.04 -10.92 +/- 0.02 Dysprosium Dy 66 5.9389 11.67 22.8 67 Ho 164.9 -11.70 -7.33 -11.57 +/- 0.11 -11.58 +/- 0.03 Holmium Ho 67 6.0215 11.80 22.84 68 Er 167.3 -11.10 -6.73 -11.14 -11.13 +/- 0.05 -11.13 +/- 0.02 Erbium Er 68 6.1077 11.93 22.74 69 Tm 168.9 -12.00 -7.63 -11.74 -11.95 +/- 0.04 -11.93 +/- 0.03 Thulium Tm 69 6.1843 12.05 23.68 70 Yb 173.0 -10.90 -6.53 -11.84 -11.21 +/- 0.11 -11.13 +/- 0.02 Ytterbium Yb 70 6.2542 12.176 25.05 71 Lu 175.0 -11.20 -6.83 -11.24 -11.95 +/- 0.09 -11.96 +/- 0.02 Lutetium Lu 71 5.4259 13.9 20.9594 72 Hf 178.5 -11.10 -6.73 -11.14 -11.20 +/- 0.04 -11.34 +/- 0.02 Hafnium Hf 72 6.8251 15 23.3 73 Ta 181.0 -11.90 -7.53 -12.17 +/- 0.04 -12.05 +/- Tantalum Ta 73 7.5496 16 22 74 W 183.9 -10.90 -6.53 -10.93 -11.20 +/- 0.12 -11.40 +/- 0.04 Tungsten W 74 7.8640 16.1 24 75 Re 186.3 -11.70 -7.33 -11.79 +/- 0.04 -12.05 +/- Rhenium Re 75 7.8335 17 26 76 Os 190.2 -10.50 -6.13 -10.59 -10.65 +/- 0.08 -10.70 +/- 0.03 Osmium Os 76 8.4382 17 25 77 Ir 192.2 -10.60 -6.23 -10.67 +/- 0.07 -10.73 +/- 0.02 Iridium Ir 77 8.9670 17 27 78 Pt 195.1 -10.20 -5.83 -10.43 +/- 0.03 -12.05 +/- Platinum Pt 78 8.9587 18.563 28 79 Au 197.0 -11.00 -6.63 -11.13 +/- 0.10 -11.25 +/- 0.04 Gold Au 79 9.2255 20.20 30 80 Hg 200.6 -10.90 -6.53 81 Tl 204.4 -11.10 -6.73 -11.15 +/- 0.20 -11.28 +/- 0.03 Thallium Tl 81 6.1082 20.4283 29.83 82 Pb 207.2 -10.10 -5.73 -10.14 -10.30 +/- 0.10 -10.01 +/- 0.03 Lead Pb 82 7.4167 15.03248 31.9373 83 Bi 209.0 -11.30 -6.93 -11.40 +/- 0.04 -12.05 +/- Bismuth Bi 83 7.2856 16.703 25.56 84 Po 210.0 -20.00 Polonium Po 84 8.417 ? 19 27 85 At 211.0 -20.00 Astatine At 85 9.3 20 29 86 Rn 222.0 -20.00 Radon Rn 86 10.7485 21 29 87 Fr 223.0 -20.00 Francium Fr 87 4.0727 22 33 88 Ra 226.1 -20.00 Radium Ra 88 5.2784 10.14715 34 89 Ac 227.1 -20.00 Actinium Ac 89 5.17 11.75 20 90 Th 232.0 -11.90 -7.53 -11.8 -12.03 +/- 0.10 -11.99 +/- 0.03 Thorium Th 90 6.3067 11.9 20.0 91 Pa 231.0 -20.00 Protactinium Pa 91 5.89 92 U 238.0 -12.50 -8.13 -12.59 +/- 0.03 -12.05 +/- Uranium U 92 6.1941 10.6 93 Np 237.0 -20.00 Neptunium Np 93 6.2657 94 Pu 244.0 -20.00 Plutonium Pu 94 6.0262 11.2 95 Am 243.0 -20.00 Americium Am 95 5.9738 96 Cm 247.0 -20.00 Curium Cm 96 5.9915 97 Bk 247.0 -20.00 Berkelium Bk 97 6.1979 98 Cf 251.0 -20.00 Californium Cf 98 6.2817 11.8 99 Es 254.0 -20.00 Einsteinium Es 99 6.42 12.0 GA89 - Grevesse,N. and Anders, E. 1988. presented at the workshop on the "Solar Interior and Atmosphere", Tucson, Nov 15-18. Anders, E. and Grevesse, N. 1989 Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 53, pp. 197-214. H has been defined to be -.04 instead of 12 GK89 -- Gurovenko, E.A, Kostik, R.I. 1989. "Fraungofer spectrum and system of the solar oscillator strengths", "Naukova Dumka", Kiev. AS09 -- Asplund, Martin; Grevesse, Nicolas; Sauval, A. Jacques; Scott, Pat, 2009, The Chemical Composition of the Sun, Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 47, Issue 1, pp.481-522 meteoritic - Lodders, K.; Palme, H.; Gail, H.-P. 2009, Abundances of the Elements in the Solar System "Landolt-Börnstein - Group VI Astronomy and Astrophysics Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology Volume''